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Ubykh phonology

Below is an IPA rendition of the Ubykh consonant inventory listed in the Ubykh language article.

Consonants

  bilabial alveolar post-alveolar alveo-palatal retroflex velar uvular glottal
stops voiceless simple t --       k -- q --  
pharyng.           -- qˁʷ  
palatalized            
voiced simple b d --       g --    
pharyng.              
palatalized              
ejective simple -- tʷʼ       -- kʷʼ -- qʷʼ  
pharyng. pˁʼ           qˁʼ -- qˁʷʼ  
palatalized           kʲʼ qʲʼ  
fricatives voiceless simple f s ʃ -- ʃʷ ɕ -- ɕʷ ʂ x χ -- χʷ h
pharyng.             χˁ -- χˁʷ  
palatalized             χʲ  
voiced simple   z ʒ -- ʒʷ ʑ -- ʑʷ ʐ ɣ ʁ -- ʁʷ  
pharyng.           ʁˁ -- ʁˁʷ  
palatalized             ʁʲ  
affricates voiceless   ts -- tɕʷ      
voiced   dz -- dʑʷ      
ejective   tsʼ tʃʼ tɕʼ -- tɕʼʷ tʂʼ      
sonorants nasal simple m n            
pharyng.              
approximant simple w r   j        
pharyng.              
lateral voiceless   ɬ            
voiced   l            
ejective              

Notes

  1. The glottal stop [ʔ] is also noted, but only as an allophone of [].
  2. "pharyng." denotes a pharyngealized series of consonants, and pharyngealization itself is denoted with ˁ.
  3. When a labialized phoneme exists, it is listed after its unlabialized counterpart in the format "[unlab.] -- [lab.]", and is further indicated by ʷ.
  4. Ejectives are indicated with an apostrophe (ʼ).
  5. Palatalization is indicated by ʲ.
  6. The velar stops [k], [g], and [] are only found in Turkish and Circassian loanwords.
  7. The fricatives [] and [f] are strictly labiodental, not bilabial.
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