The word typology literally means the study of types. Beyond this simple definition, the term has at least four distinct uses in the fields listed below:
Archaeology
Typology is the classification of things according to their
characteristics, and has seen widespread application in Archaeology.
Typology may also be used to denote the results of a classification exercise, for example, a classification of pottery vessel forms such as the
Dragendorff typology of Roman Samian ware.
In the 19th and early 20th Centuries archaeological typologies were usually constructed using a combination of empirical observation and intuition.
Since the 1960s mathematical methods (including Cluster analysis,
Principal components analysis, and Factor analysis) have been used. During the 1990s archaeologists began to use phylogenetic methods borrowed from Cladistics.
See also Taxonomy, seriation
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Linguistics
Typology is a branch of linguistics which concerns itself with comparing the properties that languages have, disregarding their genetic relationships.
See linguistic typology and morphological typology.
Psychology
Carl Gustav Jung proposed a psychological typology based on archetypes.
See Jungian Archetypes.
Also, Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers developed a typology that categorizes a person by personality types.
See Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Theology
Typology is a theological doctrine or theory of types and their antitypes found in scripture.
