Nicholas Berdyaev (1874-1948). A Marxist in 1898, circa 1905 he reverted to the Christian faith but was accused of insulting the Holy Synod in 1914. His trial in 1917 was ended by the Russian Revolution, and he was arrested by the Bolshevik government in 1920 & again in 1922. He was expelled from the Soviet Union because of his support of faithful Christians. The remaining years of his life were spent in France. Regarding himself as a prophet of a new world, in which a post-rational "New Middle Ages" would bring an end to Humanism, Individualism, formal liberalism, nationalism, socialism & communism. He believed it would be the beginning of a new religious collectivity not ruled by the ecclesiastic hierarchy, but would be a political, moral, economic & artistic institution imbued with a religious spirit free from external constraint.
