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Mammal classification
Mammalia is a class of animal within the Phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carolus Linnaeus initially defined the class. Many earlier ideas have been completely abandoned by modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a completely distinct group. Competing ideas about the relationships of mammal orders do persist and are currently in development. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.
George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (Simpson, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.
Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.
Standardized textbook classification
A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is taken from Vaughan et al. (2000). This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians. The therians are further divided into the marsupial Metatheria and the "placental" eutheria. No attempt is made here to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups.
In this and later taxonomies listed here, families are merely listed under the order to which they belong. Please see the pages associated with specific orders to see more detailed relationships among families in that order.
McKenna/Bell classification
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the "McKenna/Bell classification".
McKenna and Bell, Classification of Mammals: Above the species level, (McKenna & Bell, 1997) is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. The new McKenna/Bell classification was quickly accepted by paleontologists. The authors work together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
The McKenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions (ranks which fall between classes and orders) that are likely to be glossed over by the layman.
The published re-classification forms both a comprehensive and authoritative record of approved names and classifications and a list of invalid names.
Click on the highlighted link for a table comparing the traditional and the new McKenna/Bell classifications of mammals
Extinct groups are represented by †.
(monotremes)
- Infraclass †Allotheria
- Infraclass †Triconodonta
- Family †Austrotriconodontidae
- Family †Amphilestidae
- Family †Triconodontidae
- Infraclass Holotheria
- Family †Chronoperatidae
- Superlegion †Kuehneotheria
- Family †Kuehneotheriidae
- Family †Woutersiidae
- Superlegion Trechnotheria
- Legion †Symmetrodonta
- Family †Shuotheriidae
- Order †Amphidontoidea
- Order †Spalacotherioidea
- Family †Tinodontidae
- Family †Spalacotheriidae
- Family †Barbereniidae
- Legion Cladotheria
- Sublegion †Dryolestoidea
- Order †Dryolestida
- Family †Dryolestidae
- Family †Paurodontidae
- Family †Donodontidae
- Family †Mesungulatidae
- Family †Reigitheriidae
- Family †Brandoniidae
- Order †Amphitheriida
- Sublegion Zatheria
- Family †Arguitheriidae
- Family †Arguimuridae
- Family †Vincelestidae
- Infralegion †Peramura
- Infralegion Tribosphenida
- Family †Necrolestidae
- Supercohort †Aegialodontia
- Supercohort Theria: therian mammals
- Family †Pappotheriidae
- Family †Holoclemensiidae
- Family †Kermackiidae
- Family †Endotheriidae
- Family †Picopsidae
- Family †Potamotelsidae
- Family †Plicatodontidae
- Order †Deltatheroida
- Family †Deltatheridiidae
- Family †Deltatheroididae
- Order †Asiadelphia
- Cohort Marsupialia: marsupials
- Family †Yingabalanaridae
- Family †Stagodontidae
- Family †Pediomyidae
- Magnorder Australidelphia
- Superorder Microbiotheria
- Superorder Eometatheria
- Order †Yalkaparidontia
- Family †Yalkaparidontidae
- Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles
- Grandorder Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores
- Grandorder Syndactyli : syndactylous marsupials
- Magnorder Ameridelphia
- Order Didelphimorphia: opossums
- Order Paucituberculata
- Family †Sternbergiidae
- Family Caenolestidae: rat or shrew opossums
- Family †Paleothentidae
- Family †Abderitidae
- Family †Sillustaniidae
- Family †Polydolopidae
- Family †Prepidolopidae
- Family †Bonapartheriidae
- Family †Argyrolagidae
- Family †Patagoniidae
- Family †Groeberiidae
- Family †Glasbiidae
- Family †Caroloameghiniidae
- Order †Sparassodonta
- Family †Mayulestidae
- Family †Hondadelphidae
- Family †Borhyaenidae
- Cohort Placentalia: placentals
- Order †Bibymalagasia
- Magnorder Xenarthra: edentates
- Order Cingulata: armadillos and relatives
- Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
- Family †Peltephilidae
- Family †Pampatheriidae
- Family †Palaeopeltidae
- Family †Glyptodontidae : glyptodonts
- Order Pilosa : anteaters, sloths, and relatives
- Magnorder Epitheria : epitheres
- Superorder †Leptictida
- Family †Gypsonictopidae
- Family †Kulbeckiidae
- Family †Didymoconidae
- Family †Leptictidae
- Superorder Preptotheria
- Grandorder Anagalida
- Family †Zambdalestidae
- Family †Anagalidae
- Family †Pseudictopidae
- Mirorder Macroscelidea: elephant shrews
- Mirorder Duplicidentata
- Mirorder Simplicidentata
- Order †Mixodontia
- Order Rodentia: rodents
- Family †Alagomyidae
- Family †Laredomyidae
- Family †Ischyromyidae
- Family †Allomyidae
- Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver
- Family †Mylagaulidae
- Family †Theridomyidae
- Family †Reithroparamyidae
- Family Sciuridae: squirrels
- Family †Eutypomyidae
- Family Castoridae: beavers
- Family †Rhizospalacidae
- Family †Protoptychidae
- Family †Armintomyidae
- Family Dipodidae: jumping mice, jerboas
- Family †Simimyidae
- Family Muridae: rats, mice, and relatives
- Family Myoxidae: dormice
- Family †Eomyidae
- Family †Florentiamyidae
- Family Geomyidae: pocket gophers, pocket mice, and kangaroo rats
- Family Pedetidae: springhaas
- Family †Parapedetidae
- Family †Zegdoumyidae
- Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed squirrels
- Family †Ivanantoniidae
- Family †Sciuravidae
- Family †Chapattimyidae
- Family †Cylindrodontidae
- Family Ctenodactylidae : gundis
- Family †Tsaganomyidae
- Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines
- Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
- Family †Myophiomyidae
- Family †Diamantomyidae
- Family †Phiomyidae
- Family †Kenyamyidae
- Family Petromuridae : rock rats
- Family Thryonomyidae : cane rats
- Family Bathyergidae : mole-rats
- Family †Bathyergoididae
- Family Agoutidae: agoutis and pacas
- Family †Eocardiidae
- Family Dinomyidae : pacarana
- Family Caviidae: cavies
- Family Hydrochoeridae: capybara
- Family Octodontidae: degus, tuco-tucos
- Family Echimyidae : spiny rats, nutria
- Family Capromyidae : hutias
- Family †Heptaxodontidae
- Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas, viscachas
- Family †Neoepiblemidae
- Family Abrocomidae : rat chinchillas
- Grandorder Ferae
- Order Cimolesta - pangolins and relatives
- Family †Palaeoryctidae
- Family †Cimolestidae
- Family †Apatemyidae
- Family †Stylinodontidae
- Family †Tillotheriidae
- Family †Wangliidae
- Family †Harpyodidae
- Family †Bemalambdidae
- Family †Pastoralodontidae
- Family †Titanoideidae
- Family †Pantolambdidae
- Family †Barylambdidae
- Family †Cyriacotheriidae
- Family †Pantolambdodontidae
- Family †Coryphodontidae
- Family †Pantolestidae
- Family †Paroxyclaenidae
- Family †Ptolemaiidae
- Family †Epoicotheriidae
- Family †Metacheiromyidae
- Family Manidae: pangolins
- Family †Ernanodontidae
- Order †Creodonta: creodonts
- Family †Hyaenodontidae
- Family †Oxyaenidae
- Order Carnivora
- Family †Viverravidae
- Family †Nimravidae
- Family Felidae: cats
- Family Viverridae: civets, asiatic palm civets
- Family Herpestidae: mongooses
- Family Hyaenidae: hyaenas, aardwolf
- Family Nandiniidae: african plam civets
- Family †Miacidae
- Family Canidae: dogs
- Family †Amphicyonidae
- Family Ursidae: bears
- Family †Hemicyonidae
- Family Otariidae: eared seals
- Family Phocidae: seals, walrus
- Family Mustelidae: weasels, skunks, and relatives
- Family Procyonidae: ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis, red panda
- Grandorder Lipotyphla
- Family †Adapisoriculidae
- Order Chrysochloridea
- Order Erinaceomorpha
- Family †Sespedectidae
- Family †Amphilemuridae
- Family †Adapisoricidae
- Family †Creotarsidae
- Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs and relatives
- Family †Proscalopidae
- Family Talpidae: moles
- Family †Dimylidae
- Order Soricomorpha
- Family †Otlestidae
- Family †Geolabididae
- Family †Nesophontidae : recently extinct west indian shrews
- Family †Micropternodontidae
- Family †Apternodontidae
- Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
- Family †Plesiosoricidae
- Family †Nyctitheriidae
- Family Soricidae: shrews
- Family Tenrecidae: tenrecs
- Grandorder Archonta
- Order Chiroptera: bats
- Family Pteropodidae: flying foxes
- Family †Archaeonycteridae
- Family †Paleochiropterygidae
- Family †Hassianycterididae
- Family Emballonuridae : sac-winged bats
- Family Rhinopomatidae : mouse-tailed bats
- Family Craseonycteridae: bumblebee bats
- Family Megadermatidae : false vampire bats
- Family Nycteridae : hispid bats
- Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe and Old World leaf-nosed bats
- Family Mystacinidae : New Zealand short-tailed bats
- Family Noctillionidae : fishing bats
- Family Mormoopidae : spectacled bats
- Family Phyllostomidae: New World leaf-nosed and vampire bats
- Family †Philisidae
- Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats
- Family Natalidae : funnel-eared bats
- Family Furipteridae : smoky bats
- Family Thyropteridae : New World sucker-footed bats
- Family Myzopodidae : Old World sucker-footed bats
- Family Vespertilionidae: common bats
- Order Primates: primates
- Family †Purgatoriidae
- Family †Microsyopidae
- Family †Micromomyidae
- Family †Picromomyidae
- Family †Plesiadapidae
- Family †Palaechthonidae
- Family †Picrodontidae
- Family †Paramomyidae
- Family †Plagiomenidae
- Family †Mixodectidae
- Family Galeopithecidae : colugos
- Family †Plesiopithecidae
- Family Daubentoniidae: aye-aye
- Family †Adapidae
- Family Lemuridae: lemurs
- Family Loridae: lorises and galagos
- Family Cheirogaleidae: dwarf lemurs
- Family †Archaeolemuridae
- Family †Palaeopropithecidae
- Family Indridae: indris and sifakas
- Family †Carpolestidae
- Family †Omomyidae
- Family †Microchoeridae
- Family †Afrotarsiidae
- Family Tarsiidae: tarsiers
- Family †Eosimiidae
- Family †Parapithecidae
- Family †Pliopithecidae
- Family Cercopithecidae: Old World monkeys including colobuses
- Family Hominidae: humans, greater apes, lesser apes
- Family Callitrichidae: marmosets
- Family Atelidae: New World monkeys
- Order Scandentia
- Grandorder Ungulata : ungulates
- Order Tubulidentata
- Order †Dinocerata
- Mirorder Eparctocyona
- Order †Procreodi
- Family †Oxyclaenidae
- Family †Arctocyonidae
- Order †Condylarthra
- Family †Hyopsodontidae
- Family †Mioclaenidae
- Family †Phenacodontidae
- Family †Periptychidae
- Family †Peligrotheriidae
- Family †Didolodontidae
- Order †Arctostylopida
- Order Cete: whales and relatives
- Family †Triisodontidae
- Family †Mesonychidae : mesonychids
- Family †Hapalodectidae
- Family †Basilosauridae
- Family †Protocetidae
- Family †Remingtonocetidae
- Family †Agorophiidae
- Family †Squalodontidae
- Family †Rhabdosteidae
- Family †Aetiocetidae
- Family †Mammalodontidae
- Family †Cetotheriidae
- Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals and grey whales
- Family Balaenidae: right and bowhead whales
- Family Physeteridae: sperm whales
- Family Hyperoodontidae: beaked whales
- Family Platanistidae: river dolphins
- Family Delphinidae: dolphins
- Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata River dolphin
- Family Lipotidae: baiiji
- Family Iniidae: Amazon River dolphin
- Family †Kentridontidae
- Family Monodontidae: beluga and narwhal
- Family †Odobenocetopsidae
- Family †Dalpiazinidae
- Family †Acrodelphinidae
- Family Phocoenidae: porpoises
- Family †Albireonidae
- Family †Hemisyntrachelidae
- Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates
- Family †Raoellidae
- Family †Choeropotamidae
- Family Suidae: pigs
- Family Tayassuidae: peccaries
- Family †Santheriidae
- Family Hippopotamidae: hippos
- Family †Dichobunidae
- Family †Cebochoeridae
- Family †Mixtotheriidae
- Family †Helohyidae
- Family †Haplobunodontidae
- Family †Anthracotheriidae
- Family †Dacrytheriidae
- Family †Anoplotheriidae
- Family †Cainotheriidae
- Family †Agriochoeridae
- Family †Oreodontidae
- Family †Entelodontidae
- Family †Xiphodontidae
- Family Camelidae: camels and llamas
- Family †Oromerycidae
- Family †Protoceratidae
- Family †Amphimerycidae
- Family †Hypertragulidae
- Family Tragulidae: mouse deer
- Family †Leptomerycidae
- Family †Bachitheriidae
- Family †Lophiomerycidae
- Family †Gelocidae
- Family Moschidae: musk deer
- Family Antilocapridae: pronghorn
- Family †Palaeomerycidae
- Family †Hoplitomerycidae
- Family Cervidae: deer
- Family †Climacoceratidae
- Family Giraffidae: giraffe and okapi
- Family Bovidae: cattle, antelope, and relatives
- Mirorder †Meridiungulata
- Family †Perutheriidae
- Family †Amilnedwardsiidae
- Order †Liptopterna
- Family †Protolipternidae
- Family †Macraucheniidae
- Family †Notonychopidae
- Family †Adianthidae
- Family †Proterotheriidae
- Order †Notoungulata : notoungulates
- Family †Henricosborniidae
- Family †Notostylopidae
- Family †Isotemnidae
- Family †Leontiniidae
- Family †Notohippidae
- Family †Toxodontidae
- Family †Homalodotheriidae
- Family †Archaeopithecidae
- Family †Oldfieldthomasiidae
- Family †Interatheriidae
- Family †Campanorcidae
- Family †Mesotheriidae
- Family †Archaeohyracidae
- Family †Hegetotheriidae
- Order †Astrapotheria
- Family †Eoastrapostylopidae
- Family †Trigonostylopidae
- Family †Astrapotheriidae
- Order †Xenungulata
- Order †Pyrotheria
- Mirorder Altungulata
- Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
- Family Equidae: horses
- Family †Palaeotheriidae
- Family †Brontotheriidae
- Family †Anchilophidae
- Family †Eomoropidae
- Family †Chalicotheriidae
- Family †Hyracodontidae
- Family Rhinocerotidae: rhinoceroses
- Family †Helaletidae
- Family †Isectolophidae
- Family †Lophiodontidae
- Family †Deperetellidae
- Family †Lophialetidae
- Family Tapiridae: tapirs
- Order Uranotheria: elephants, manatees, hyraxes, and relatives
- Family †Pliohyracidae
- Family Procaviidae: hyraxes
- Family †Phenacolophidae
- Family †Arsinoitheriidae
- Family †Prorastomidae
- Family Dugongidae: dugongs
- Family Trichechidae: manatees
- Family †Desmostylidae
- Family †Anthracobunidae
- Family †Moeritheriidae
- Family †Numidotheriidae
- Family †Barytheriidae
- Family †Deinotheriidae
- Family †Palaeomastodontidae
- Family †Phiomiidae
- Family †Hemimastodontidae
- Family †Mammutidae: mastodons and relatives
- Family †Gomphotheriidae: gomphotheres
- Family Elephantidae: modern elephants
Molecular classification of mammals
Molecular studies by a small group of molecular systematicists , based on DNA analysis, have revealed new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. The most recent classification systems based on molecular studies reveal four groups or lineages of placental mammals which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous.
The first divergence was that of the Afrotheria 110–100 million years ago (Ma). The Afrotheria proceeded to evolve and diversify in the isolation of the African-Arabian continent. The Xenarthra, isolated in South America, diverged from the Boreoeutheria approximately 100–95 mya. The Boreoeutheria split into the Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires between 95 and 85 mya; both of these groups evolved on the northern continent of Laurasia.
After tens of millions of years of relative isolation, Africa-Arabia collided with Eurasia, and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama linked South America and North America, facilitating the distribution of mammals seen today. With the exception of bats and murine rodents, no placental land mammals reached Australasia until the first human settlers arrived approximately 50,000 years ago.
It should however be noted that these molecular results are still controversial mainly because they are not reflected by morphological data and thus not accepted by many systematists. It is also important to note that fossil taxa are not and, in most cases cannot, be included. Although there are instances of DNA being recovered from prehistoric mammals such as the ground sloth Mylodon and Neanderthal humans, Homo neanderthalensis, fossils can generally only be incorporated in morphological analyses.
The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass Eutheria):
Clade Boreoeutheria
- Group III Euarchontoglires
- Superorder Euarchonta
- Order Scandentia
- Family Tupaiidae: tree shrews (Southeast Asia).
- Clade Primatomorpha
- Order Primates: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes (cosmopolitan).
- Superorder Glires
- Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas).
- Family Leporidae: rabbits and hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)
- Family Ochotonidae: pikas (Holarctic)
- Order Rodentia: rodents (cosmopolitan)
- Family Aplodontiidae: mountain beaver (North America)
- Family Sciuridae: squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots (cosmopolitan except Australia)
- Family Gliridae: dormice (Africa, Eurasia)
- Family Castoridae: beavers (Holarctic)
- Family Geomyidae: pocket gophers (North America)
- Family Heteromyidae: kangaroo rats (North America)
- Family Dipodidae: jerboas and jumping mice (Africa, Eurasia, North America)
- Family Platacanthomyidae: spiny dormouse (Southeast Asia)
- Family Spalacidae: zokors, root rats, blind mole rats (Africa, Eurasia)
- Family Calomyscidae: mouse-like hamsters (Asia)
- Family Nesomyidae: old endemic African muroids (Africa, Madagascar)
- Family Cricetidae: hamsters, voles, and New World rats and mice (Holarctic, South America)
- Family Muridae: Old World rats and mice and gerbils (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
- Family Anomaluridae: scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Africa)
- Family Pedetidae: springhaas (Africa)
- Family Ctenodactylidae : gundis (Africa, Asia)
- Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines (Africa, Asia)
- Family Bathyergidae : African mole-rats (Africa)
- Family Petromuridae : rock dassies (Africa)
- Family Thryonomyidae : cane rats (Africa)
- Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines (New World)
- Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas and viscachas (South America)
- Family Dinomyidae : pacarana (South America)
- Family Caviidae: cavies and capybara (South America)
- Family Dasyproctidae: agoutis and acouchis (South America)
- Family Agoutidae: paca (South America)
- Family Ctenomyidae : tuco-tucos (South America)
- Family Octodontidae: degus (South America)
- Family Abrocomidae : chinchilla-rats (South America)
- Family Echimyidae : spiny rats (South America)
- Family Capromyidae : hutias (South America)
- Family Myocastoridae: nutrias (South America)
- Group IV: Laurasiatheria
- Order Insectivora/Eulipotyphla
- Family Solenodontidae: solenodons (Cuba, Hispaniola).
- Family Erinaceidae: hedgehogs, moonrats (Eurasia, Africa).
- Family Soricidae: shrews (Eurasia, Africa, North America to northern South America).
- Family Talpidae: moles, shrew-moles, desmans (Eurasia, North America).
- Clade Scrotifera
- Order Chiroptera: bats (cosmopolitan)
- Family Pteropodidae: flying foxes (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
- Family Rhinolophidae: Old World horseshoe and leaf-nosed bats (Old World)
- Family Emballonuridae : sac-winged bats (southern continents)
- Family Craseonycteridae: Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Thailand)
- Family Rhinopomatidae : mouse-tailed bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
- Family Nycteridae : slit-faced bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
- Family Megadermatidae : false vampire bats (Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia)
- Family Phyllostomidae: leaf-nosed bats (South America)
- Family Mormoopidae : leaf-chinned bats (South America)
- Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats (South America)
- Family Mystacinidae : short-tailed bats (New Zealand)
- Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats (cosmopolitan)
- Family Myzopodidae : sucker-footed bats (Madagascar)
- Family Thyropteridae : sucker-footed bats (South America)
- Family Furipteridae : smoky bats (South America)
- Family Natalidae : funnel-eared bats (South America)
- Family Vespertilionidae: vesper bats (cosmopolitan)
- Clade Cetferungulata or Ferungulata
Classification system used in related articles
In light of all the options available, the following classification system has been adopted for use in related articles.
- Order Xenarthra
- Order Pholidota
- Superorder Glires
- Order Rodentia
- Suborder Sciurognathi
- Suborder Hystricognathi
- Family Bathyergidae : mole rats
- Family Hystricidae: Old World porcupines
- Family Petromuridae : Dassie Rat
- Family Thryonomyidae : cane rats
- Family Erethizontidae: New World porcupines
- Family Chinchillidae: chinchillas, viscachias
- Family Dinomyidae : Paracana
- Family Caviidae: cavies, guinea pigs, Patagonian Hare
- Family Hydrochaeridae: Capybara
- Family Dasyproctidae: agoutis, acouchis
- Family Agoutidae: pacas
- Family Ctenomyidae : tuco-tucos
- Family Octodontidae: viscacha rats, coruro
- Family Abrocomidae : chinchilla rats
- Family Echimyidae : spiny rats
- Family Capromyidae : hutias
- Family Myocastoridae: Nutria
- Order Lagomorpha
- Order Macroscelidea
- Superorder Archonta
- Order Primates
- Order Scandentia
- Order Chiroptera
- Suborder Macrochiroptera
- Suborder Microchiroptera
- Family Rhinopomatidae : mouse-tailed bats
- Family Craseonycteridae: Kitti's Hog-nosed Bat
- Family Emballonuridae : sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats
- Family Nycteridae : slit-faced bats
- Family Megadermatidae : false vampire bats
- Family Rhinolophidae: horseshoe bats
- Family Noctilionidae: fishing bats
- Family Mormoopidae : leaf-chinned bats
- Family Phyllostomidae: New World leaf-nosed bats
- Family Natalidae : funnel-eared bats
- Family Furipteridae : smoky bats
- Family Thyropteridae : disk-winged bats
- Family Myzopodidae : Sucker-footed Bat
- Family Vespertilionidae: common bats
- Family Mystacinidae : short-tailed bats
- Family Molossidae: free-tailed bats
- Order Dermoptera
- Order Insectivora
- Order Carnivora
- Suborder Fissipedia
- Superfamily Caniformia
- Superfamily Feliformia
- Suborder Pinnipedia
- Superfamily Otarioidae
- Superfamily Phocoidae
- Superorder Ungulata
References
- McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
- Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp. ISBN 0-801-85789-9
- Simpson, George Gaylord. 1945. "The principles of classification and a classification of mammals". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1–350.
- Springer, Mark S., Michael J. Stanhope, Ole Madsen, and Wilfried W. de Jong. 2004. "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree". Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19:430–438. (pdf version)
- Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Capzaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-030-25034-X (Brooks Cole, 1999)
- Wilson, Don E., and Deeann M. Reeder (eds). 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1206 pp. ISBN 1-560-98217-9
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