Crew (or Cockpit) Resource Management originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety by reducing human error. The NASA research presented at this meeting found that the main problems were failures of interpersonal communication, leadership, and decision making in the cockpit. The major commercial airlines present left the meeting committed to training, and United Airlines performed the first commercial training in 1981. NASA held another workshop in 1986, which led to the second generation of CRM, where the scope had widened far enough into other flight crew areas that the name was changed to Crew Resource Management. CRM has been refined over the years and is now in the fifth generation.
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